Hazelnuts are commonly referred to as filberts. Among the most desired nuts, these are prized for their rich flavor, high nutritional value, and versatile culinary uses. Growing hazelnut trees can be rewarding whether for personal use or commercial production. Here’s everything you need to know about how to grow filbert and hazelnut trees successfully.

Understanding Hazelnut Trees

These trees are deciduous shrubs or small trees bearing clusters of edible nuts enclosed by a husk. The major species grown for nuts are American hazelnut (Corylus americana) and the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana). The latter species, also commonly referred to as the filbert, is considered the most valuable commercially because the nut is relatively larger and in better flavor compared to the others.

Advantages of Growing Hazelnuts

1. Nutritious and Tasty: Hazelnuts are heavy in good fats, protein, vitamins, and antioxidants.
2. Low Maintenance: They require less maintenance than many fruit and nut trees once established.
3. Ornamental Value: Aesthetics of hazelnut foliage and catkins add beauty to landscapes.
4. Wildlife Attraction: Many birds and small mammals love hazelnuts. It is perfect for nature-friendly gardens.
5. Sustainability: It has a relatively low water requirement and high soil adaptability, which makes hazelnut a sustainable crop.

Choosing the Right Hazelnut Variety

Selection of the variety depends on the climate, resistance to diseases, and intended use. Here are some common varieties:

European Hazelnut (Corylus avellana)

1. Preferred for commercial production.
2. Large, high-quality nuts are produced.
3. Several cultivars are needed for cross-pollination.

American Hazelnut (Corylus americana)

1. Native to North America and more cold-hardy.
2. Smaller nuts but better adaptability to harsh climates.
3. More resistant to Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB).

Hybrid Hazelnuts

1. Crossbreeds of European and American hazelnuts.
2. Developed for disease resistance and productivity.
3. Suitable for commercial as well as backyard orchards.

Optimal Conditions for Growth

Weather

Hazelnuts perform well in temperate climates that have cool winters and warm summers. They require about 800-1,200 chilling hours (temperatures below 45°F) to break dormancy and bloom properly. USDA hardiness zones 4-9 are suitable, depending upon the variety.

Soil Conditions

1. Well-Draining Soil: Hazelnuts prefer well-drained, loamy soils with a pH of 6.0-7.0.
2. Avoid Clay: Poor drainage can cause root rot.
3. High in Organic Matter: Adding compost to the soil increases fertility and helps retain moisture.

Sun Needs

Hazelnuts require full sun (6-8 hours a day) to grow and produce nuts well.

Planting Hazelnut Trees

When to Plant

1. Hazelnut trees are best planted in late winter to early spring when they are dormant.
2. Fall is also suitable for planting in warmer climates.

Spacings and Planting Patterns

1. For orchards: Plant trees 15-20 feet apart.
2. For hedgerows: Plant them 10-12 feet apart.
3. Plant at least two different cultivars near each other for cross-pollination.

Planting Instructions

1. Site Preparation: Clear weeds and loosen the soil.
2. Dig a Hole: The hole should be twice as wide as the root ball and the same depth.
3. Plant the Tree: Place the tree in the hole, making sure the roots spread naturally.
4. Backfill and Water: Fill the hole with soil, gently firm it, and water thoroughly.
5. Mulch: Apply 2-3 inches of mulch around the base to help retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Care of Hazelnut Trees

Watering

1. Young trees need regular watering, especially in dry spells.
2. Once established, they are fairly drought-tolerant but still appreciate deep waterings every 2-3 weeks.

Fertilizing

1. Apply a balanced fertilizer, such as 10-10-10, in early spring.
2. Avoid too much nitrogen, as this promotes too much leaf growth at the expense of nuts.
3. Organic options include compost, aged manure, or fish emulsion.

Pruning

1. Prune in late winter when it is dormant.
2. Remove suckers and weak wood to promote vigor.
3. Allow open-center structure for good air exchange and penetration by sunlight.

Weed Control

1. Keep base area weed-free for less competition from weeds.
2. Mulching inhibits weed germination.

Pollination and Nut Production

1. Hazelnuts are wind-pollinated and must have at least two different cultivars for effective nut production.
2. The flowers appear late winter to early spring prior to leafing out.
3. Nuts mature during summer and mature in late summer to early fall.

Pests and Diseases

EFB- Eastern Filbert Blight

1. Fungal disease of European hazelnut.
2. Can cause cankers and dieback.
3. Plant resistant varieties, and remove the infected branches.

Aphids and Mites

1. Can cause leaf distortion, reduce vigor
2. Encourage beneficial insects, apply insecticidal soap if needed.

Squirrels and Birds

1. Cover with netting, or harvest in time to prevent loss.

Hazelnut Harvesting

When to Harvest

1. Nuts ripen between late August and October, depending on the variety.
2. Look for browning husks and nuts that begin to fall from the tree.

Harvesting Methods

1. Shake branches gently to release nuts.
2. Gather fallen nuts regularly to prevent spoilage.

Drying and Storing Hazelnuts

1. Dry nuts in a well-ventilated area for 2-3 weeks.
2. Store in a cool, dry place or refrigerate for long-term preservation.
3. Shelled hazelnuts can be frozen to extend shelf life.

Conclusion

Growing filbert and hazelnut trees is a rewarding experience that yields nutritious nuts with minimal maintenance. By choosing the right variety, providing optimal growing conditions, and following proper care techniques, you can enjoy a bountiful hazelnut harvest year after year. Whether you are planting a small backyard orchard or a commercial hazelnut farm, these guidelines will help ensure your success in growing these delightful nut-bearing trees.